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yes I apologize it's a very very long

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title so I'm not going to read it in

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waste my time we'll just call it

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microbes that eat rock underground so

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this is not my title my advisor likes to

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be very descriptive so we'll move on so

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just as a general introduction we all

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know that the earth is you know cut

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composed of igneous rocks that are rich

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in reduced compounds such as reduced

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iron and this iron is a essentially a

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very vast energy reservoir for

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microorganisms and so there's been a lot

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of work recently really focusing on the

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ability of microorganisms to use

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structural iron in in silicate minerals

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as an energy source and I've just

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highlighted 22 studies here that a kind

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of basis of this work where my fingers

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in the right spot look at this I could

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follow directions is so in this study by

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Alexis well Bailey and you know so

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Alexis Templeton here this is actually

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an isolate that I have that I'm trying

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to play with a little bit they've

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demonstrated on this is actually an

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amorphous it's not a you know

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crystalline mineral but definitely

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increased cell densities so they

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demonstrated in both of these cases

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colonization of either an amorphous or a

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kristalyn iron iron bearing compound and

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this is great work but what it doesn't

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really tell us is anything about the

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mineralogy or about what's happening to

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the mineral or how is this actually

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working yes we've demonstrated that we

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do definitely see colonization by

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microorganisms but we have to go a step

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further beyond that and actually

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synthesize this in doing more coherent

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picture we have to look at more than

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just cell numbers right so in this study

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this is out of my group at Matt

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but before my time so this is this

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predates me but this is really a

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fundamental component to what I want to

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do and in addition to just tracking yes

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cells are increasing that's good your

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cells are growing but we're also

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tracking a loss of iron from the mineral

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so iron that's good the irons going away

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and this is a nitrate reducing condition

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so you're losing nitrate so synthesizing

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all of these things together not only do

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we just see higher cell densities but we

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also see a loss of iron from the mineral

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structure and then by really

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interrogating the mineral so this is the

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mineral biotite we're actually seeing

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mineralogical changes in the presence of

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these bacteria and you can track that

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the increase of potassium the culture

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that's expulsion of your inner layer

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cations do the oxidation of the

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structural iron in this mineral so

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that's another piece of evidence that

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we're having mineralogical alteration in

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the presence of these bacteria so this

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is really cool and based on all of that

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evidence we have this proposed mechanism

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behind the structural oxidation in in a

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very simple scenario you could just

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imagine you have some mineral abiotic ly

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dissolving right just poop the the

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reduced iron pops out of the mineral

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through a abiotic process the micro says

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yum that's delicious and then you know

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oxidizes it however this previous

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experiment was done under a circle

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neutral pH and these minerals are not

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you know the dissolution is not that

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rapid they're essentially they just set

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there so you could think of another

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situation which is a which is our kind

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of favored hypothesis is this is a

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direct enzymatic attack on the mineral

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surface and this is not that far-fetched

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we see this in iron reducers you know

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you can think everybody's favorite iron

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reducer geobacter right you can think

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they have this it's a direct enzymatic

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attack right these outer membrane

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proteins that's what the OM

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he is here that engage in the shuttling

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of electrons so these are genomic Lee

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encoded outer membrane proteins that are

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involved in the extracellular electron

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transport of iron so this is this is the

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idea based on the evidence we don't

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think these are abiotic processes that

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just a biotic dissolution coupled to

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iron oxidation we think that it's it's a

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direct enzymatic attack so this of

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course i have to i do have to give my

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nod to astrobiology right so there's all

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urine on Mars or something someone tells

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me that um so I've heard I've heard this

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rumor that there's a you know iron on

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Mars so this this really cool paper here

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just theoretically crunching the numbers

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based on iron iron based Litha trophy

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alone could have given us just 20

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approximately 20 grams per per

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centimeter of biota over the course of

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Martian history just based on the

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alteration of of the iron bearing

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mineral phases so cool right so there's

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there's your relevance but what we

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really want to do is is test this in a

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field setting right so these laboratory

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studies and theoretical calculations are

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great but we want to take it to quote

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nature right let's let's go let's go to

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nature and I tell you this was terrible

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this was a terrible place to go so I

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just got back so I don't really have a

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lot of really cool data for you but so

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we went to the leaky amount lens or I

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went to the leaky Oh mountains in Puerto

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Rico this is a critical zone observatory

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and I know it's not a basalt so please

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don't give me grief about that okay I

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realize this is not a basalt this is a

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grano diorite and but it does have an

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appreciable way percent of iron varying

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phases such as biotite and hornblende

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the really really remarkable thing about

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this is how fast this thing is

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weathering this is the most well one of

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the most rapid weathering waits for a

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granitic material that's ever been

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recorded this thing the separately

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advance rate on this thing is on the

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order of 58 meters per million years if

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you aren't familiar with weathering

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rates that's an order of magnitude

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ster than the global average for for a

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granitic system and that's partially

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attributed to climate illogical

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variables high temperature high

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precipitation this is a rain forest

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after all and as well as topography but

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what you see you know so it's weathering

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typical typical granite weather's like

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an onion skins periodically and that's

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driven by the initial oxidation of the

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structural iron in biotype and that

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leads to expansion of the the D layer so

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you get eventually fracturing and then

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it's just a runaway process from there

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but the initial step in this weathering

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is actually the oxidation of biotite and

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then the rapid dissolution of the other

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by other iron bearing phase which is

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hornblende so there's evidence that not

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only is this you know weathering very

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quickly because it is that microbes may

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be playing a role here and this was

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essentially this 2005 paper was my Bible

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so my my entire work thus far is based

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on this kind of theoretical paper that

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maybe maybe it's microbes so what you're

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looking at is you see a loss of iron so

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at depth this okay so this is a let me

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back up this is a surficial expression

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of what's happening underground there's

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a recent landslides that exposed this

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normally this is the the saprolite

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bedrock interface is variable but

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usually five to eight meters depth so

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yeah should clarify so this is at five

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meters and then you see up through the

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sap relay you see a depletion and iron

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but what's really interesting is the the

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cell count so you have high cell

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densities at the surface right okay no

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big deal and then you move down through

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the saprolite you see this wiggle right

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here I'll talk about that in just a

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second but down again right here so this

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is DNA counts or DNA yield and direct

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counts you start getting close to that

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rock and you start seeing increased cell

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densities again and these are also have

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those little I Bart's their deeds

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biogeochemical tests or biochemical

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tests for iron related bacteria how much

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stock you

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but in those I'm not really sure but

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taken together this suggests that we

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have this conceptual model again

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surficial expression of a subsurface

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process this is a road cut so this would

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be a course tone of the grano diorite

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it's fractured because it was blessed

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with dynamite to make the road but on

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top of it you see the dinner plate

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stacked like Ryan lids that are

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associated with the spheroid of

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weathering and then conceptually you

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know so you have the bedrock you have

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the reignwood sown and then you're

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separated so you can calculate the

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amount of biomass based on the free

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energy and you can actually produce more

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cells at depth based on the upward flux

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of iron out of the rock then you can buy

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the downward flux of carbon so these are

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probably with the tropes so um that's

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our hypothesis is that through a direct

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enzymatic attack on the mineral surface

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these microbes these iron oxidizing

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bacteria are going to play a direct role

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in the rapid weathering of the sport's

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diorite and metagenomic characterization

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of the Institute community is going to

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lend insight into this process and we're

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also going to do some culturing to

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determine you know or to show a

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selective colonization of the the

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mineral surfaces so this is the real

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rock this one doesn't exist anymore I

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crust it with the old s wing and threw

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it in some artificial ground water but

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so we took three cores again the

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separate light is variable in thickness

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basically did this with the hand auger

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until you couldn't go anymore and so

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again it's variable but we sampled

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periodically down through the satellite

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profile aseptic Lee for microbiologic

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and genomic analysis in what I'm doing

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right now is I set up in Richmond

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cultures this is a very wordy slide I

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realize that but we're using an

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artificial ground water so they all they

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get they get water they get minerals and

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they get co2 that is it that's all they

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have in nature so that's all they're

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getting here and so I did I actually use

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the parent material the grano diorite

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and because it's a very trendy thing to

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do I did

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deconstructed menu where I took the the

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grand old IRA and split it into its

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components the hornblende of biotite

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that elbaite courts and these are this

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muscovites of control for another reason

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but so we're just monitoring them over

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time their illicit ropes they grow

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slowly I don't have any evidence that

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they're growing at all right now but

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it's only been maybe a month so at the

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end of the day we are going to go after

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them and hopefully they're going to grow

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right cheer them on say please grow

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please grow oh okay and then also the

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really kind of cool part about this the

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part that I hope to tell you more about

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later is the meta genomics and what we

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want to do remember this direct

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enzymatic attack these are genomically

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encoded extracellular on transport jeans

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and so we know how do we know how to

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find these right these this is these

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diagrams are from Xiaomei shamans paper

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she's in our research group to actually

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mine these genomes and look for these

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types of extracellular electron

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transport pathways that will tell us

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hopefully that yes you are right we are

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with the troves so this is this is

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ongoing work that I'm trying to do right

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now it's kind of hard to get a lot of

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good high quality genomic DNA out of

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something that's loaded up with kale and

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I in iron oxide and is low biomass to

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begin with so here's hoping all right so

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some conclusions and in the interest of

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time I'm still working on it and so

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thank you especially NASA NSF in this

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ezo program and my collaborators and

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questions for Stephanie so I'm just

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curious the enzymatic attack is

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contributing to the fast weathering Greg

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that's that's the idea idea yeah okay

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but they're growing extremely slow so

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how do you reconcile that so okay so

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this is based on ok so I'm geologic time

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I'd be so I'm growing in 50 grams right

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but you have I don't know what the

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volumetric equivalent or what it would

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be on this on this pluton I have no idea

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volumetrically how big it is but if they

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turn over if there's a lot of them and

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they turn over maybe once a month or

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even once every two weeks which elicits

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rows are slow growers yeah it's not

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entirely unreasonable and I've also just

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kind of at a first pass level done a

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little bit of like reactor transport

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modeling and based on like just general

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dissolution rates I would have to I have

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to do something very crazy that I just

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don't think is geologically appropriate

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to actually try to fit a match to the

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observed weathering right we see here so

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we don't unfortunately have a number we

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can plug in there's no iron oxidizing

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like go this fast to throw into a model

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unfortunately a quick follow-up so are

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there like biofilms growing on the

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surfaces of the rocks like what's this

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obviously um some of the other work that

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I didn't show here is there's holy site

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nano tubules there there's microbes you

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can see cells associated with the

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mineral phases but in the interest of

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time I didn't drag you through all of

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the background information so you got

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one back there does an increase of the

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thought raphy of actually a mineral

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consumption mean an increase of micro

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production so in increase in with the

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trophy and then an increase in cells is

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that is a question basically just be

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there's more of an iron source does that

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mean is that doesn't mean we'll find

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these there'll be more microbes yeah so

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just simple free energy right so if you

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have more more iron to oxidize you can

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build more cells just at the most basic

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thermodynamic level then yes that would